Week 4: Antimicrobial usage

caused by a multitude of different things [1]. Such as bacteria, viruses, and diet. The number one causes is an overgrowth of intestinal Escherichia coli1. Many of these cases can be prevent by proper calf hygiene [2]. clean bedding. When managing the claves it is important that the people who come into contact with the them do not bring in bacteria, and viruses from the adult cows. Clean boots and clothes should be used when tending to the calves [2]. To learn more about calf hygiene check out this video ☀https://youtu.be/r2a1UaS_jPs glutaraldehyde [3]. A common practice is also medicated calf milk replacers [4]. Chlortetracycline, Oxytetracycline, and  Oxytetracycline/ neomycin can be added to milk replacers to treat E. Coli infections causes scours.
 * The number one cause of calf mortality is diarrhea which is
 * It is important to ensure the calving pen has fresh
 * Some of the most common disinfectants used for dairy calf pens are Iodine, and

References  of Calf Diarrhea. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 18(1), 8. doi:10.1892/0891-6640(2004)18<8:auitto>2.0.co;2 2. Calf house hygiene. (n.d.). Retrieved February 26, 2017, from https://dairy.ahdb.org.uk/technical-information/youngstock/calf-house-hygiene/#.WLN5fYWcFC8
 * 1) Constable, P. D. (2004). Antimicrobial Use in the Treatment

3. Effective Cleaning & Disinfection On The Dairy Farm. (n.d.). Retrieved February 26, 2017, from http://www.thecattlesite.com/articles/2802/effective-cleaning-disinfection-on-the-dairy-farm/

4. A Bamn publication a guide to calf milk replaces types, use and quality. (n.d.) Retrieved February 26th, 2017, from https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/nahms/dairy/downloads/bamn/BAMN08_GuideMilkRepl.pdf